Some common garden pests
1. APHIDS
Sucking insects attacking the leaves and stems. When attacked, the leaves and stems of the plants begin to look pale and spindly. Aphids can change color to match plant parts and metamorphose from nymphs to adult, both with and without wings. When the aphids in one plant get overcrowded, they develop wings and fly to another plant host of the same plant family. Aphids mature in 12 days.
APHIDS
2. BORERS
Boring insects attacking the flowers, pods, stems and roots. Borers hatch, eat and grow inside plant part as caterpillars. The presence of borers is indicated by the sudden wilting of plant tops.
Borers
3. BUGS
Sucking insects that attach to plant parts and drain plant juices. In case of mealybug, eggs are laid in white, cottony masses. Young are crawlers like scale insects. Bugs excrete large amounts of honeydew that attract ants and encourage black mold fungus.
Bugs
4. BEETLES
Chewing insects which feed on leaves, flowers, stems and even roots. They feed on most vegetables. Severe infestation can defoliate plant.
Beetles
5. CATERPILLARS/WORMS
Chewing insects usually developing from patches of eggs on the underside of leaves. The larval stage of moths and butterflies, caterpillars feed on foliage and tender stems.
Caterpillars/worms
6. FLIES
Some are tiny sucking insects that hatch and live mostly on underside of leaves. In case of whiteflies, stationary scale-like nymphs do most of damage, sucking juices and excreting honeydew, thereby attracting ants and encouraging fungus growth.
Flies
7. HOPPERS/KATYDID
Feed on foliage of many plants. Grasshoppers are most often found in late summer when fields next to gardens become dry. In severe infestations, large plants may be defoliated. The tender bark may be stripped from trees and shrubs.
Hoppers/katydid
8. SCALE INSECTS
Small insects, covered by protective shells, that attach themselves to stems and undersurfaces of leaves and suck out plant juice. Generally, they are able to move about in younger stages, but become stationary or nearly so in adulthood.
Scale insects
9. SLUGS AND SNAILS
Slimy trails and tattered foliage indicate snail and slug invasion. In daytime, they can be found under rocks, leaves, densely foliaged plants, boards or any object that rests on the ground. At night, they can be found busily feeding on plant parts.
Slugs and snails
10. ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES
Microscopic worms that either stick their heads on a plant to suck the sap or actually spend their lives inside the plant. They attack roots of various plants and form galls or root knots. Infested plants wilt or die due to the inability of the damaged root systems to supply enough water to their tops.
Root-knot nematodes
Name of Pest
|
Target Vegetables
|
Suana concolor (Tussock moth caterpillar)
|
ladyfinger
|
Hippotion celerio (Sphinx moth)
|
peanuts, taro
|
Lamprosema indicata (Bean leaf roller)
|
beans, peanut
|
Stornopteryx subsecivella (Leafminer)
|
peanut
|
Eumeta fuscescens (Pepper bagworm)
|
solanaceous crops
|
Lymantria lunata (Tussock moth caterpillar)
|
solanaceous crops
|
Acherontia lachesis (Hornworm)
|
sweet potato
|
Euchnomia horsfieldi (Tussock moth caterpillar)
|
sweet potato
|
Aciptilia viveodactyla (Sweet potato plume moth)
|
sweet potato
|
Rhyncolaba acteus (Green sphinx moth)
|
taro
|
Agrius convolvuli (Sweet potato hornworm)
|
sweet potato, taro
|
Flies
Ophiomyia phaseoli
|
beans
|
(Bean fly)
| |
Bemisia tabaci
|
cassava, garlic and onion,
|
(White fly)
|
sweet potato
|
Pieris canidia
|
crucurbits
|
(Cabbage butterfly)
| |
Dacus cucurbitae
|
cucurbits
|
(Fruit flies)
|
Hopper/Katydid
| |
Phaneroptera furcifera
|
corn, cucurbits, peanut, sweet potato
|
(Long-horned grasshopper)
| |
Mecopoda elongata
|
cucurbits
|
(Katydid)
| |
Empoasca biguttula
|
peanut, solanaceous crops
|
(Cotton leafhopper)
| |
Atractomorpha psittacina
|
peanut, sweet potato
|
(Slant-fac grasshopper)
| |
Empoasca fabae
|
potato
|
(Potato leafhopper)
| |
Leptocentrus manilensis
|
solanaceous crops
|
(Tree hopper)
| |
Locusta migratoria manilensis
|
sweet potato
|
(Oriental migratory locust)
|
Mites
Tetranychus telarius
|
cassava, potato, winged
|
(Spider mite)
|
bean
|
Tetranychus truncalus
|
cucurbits, sweet
|
potato
| |
(Common mite)
| |
Aceria tulipae
|
garlic and onion
|
Dolichotetranychus
|
pineapple
|
floridanus
| |
(Tenuipalpid mite)
|
SCALE INSECTS
Chrysomphalus ficus
|
cassava
|
(Florida red scale)
| |
Saissaetia nigra
|
cassava, ladyfinger
|
(Soft scale)
| |
Saissaetia coffeae
|
cucurbits
|
(Hemispherical scale)
| |
Aspidiella hartii
|
ginger, yam
|
(Ubi scale)
| |
Aspidiella zingiberi
|
ginger
|
(Luya scale)
| |
Aspidiotus destructor
|
ladyfinger, pineapple, taro,
|
(Coconut scale)
|
yam
|
Pinnaspis aspidistrae
|
ladyfinger, pineapple
|
(Fern scale)
| |
Lepidosaphes rubrovittatus
|
ladyfinger
|
(Tampoi scale)
| |
Abnidiella aurantii
|
pineapple
|
(California red scale)
| |
Other Insect Pests | |
Macrotermus gilvus
|
cassava
|
(Mound building termite)
| |
Thrips tabaci
|
cucurbits, garlic and onion,
|
(Tobacco thrips)
|
potato
|
Leucopholis irrorata
|
pineapple, corn
|
(Root grubs)
| |
Anomala sp.
|
corn, sweet potato
|
(Root grubs)
| |
Gryllus bimaculatus
|
corn
|
(Black cricket)
| |
Gryllotalpa africana
|
potato
|
(Male cricket)
| |
Dysdercus cingulatus
|
ladyfinger
|
(Cotton stainer)
| |
Catochrysops cnejus
|
peanuts
|
(Bean Iycaenid)
| |
Cylas formicarius
|
sweet potato
|
(Sweet potato weevil)
| |
Tagiades japetus titus
|
taro
|
(Gabi skipper)
|
Aphids
Myzus persicae
|
celery, crucifers, cucurbits,
|
(Green peach aphid)
|
potato
|
Aphis gossypii
|
cucurbits, sweet potato,
|
(Melon aphid)
|
taro
|
Aphis craccivora
|
beans, cucurbits, peanuts
|
(Bean aphid)
| |
Toxoptera auratii
|
cucurbits, citrus
|
(Citrus aphid)
|
Borers
Maruca festulalis
|
beans
|
(Bean pyralid)
| |
Estiella zinckenella
|
beans
|
(Bean pod borer)
| |
Apomecyna historion
|
cucurbits
|
(Vine borer)
| |
Manilaboris cucurbitae
|
cucurbits
|
(Cucurbit boring boric)
| |
Mimegralla coeruleifrons
|
ginger
|
(Ginger root borer)
| |
Zeuzera coffeae
|
ladyfinger, coffee
|
(Coffee carpenter moth)
| |
Phthorimaea operculella
|
potato
|
(Potato tuber moth)
|
Bugs
Ferrisia virgata
|
cassava, sweet potato
|
(Gray mealybug)
| |
Phenacoccus hirsutus
|
cassava
|
(Hibiscus mealybug)
| |
Dysmicoccus brevipes
|
pineapple, corn, taro
|
(Pineapple mealybug)
| |
Physomerus grossipes
|
cucurbits, sweet potato
|
(Sweet potato bug)
| |
Cyclopelta obscura
|
cucurbits
|
(Dapdap bug)
| |
Nezara viridula
|
cucurbits
|
(Green soldier bug)
| |
Acanthocoris scabrator
|
solanaceous crops, sweet
|
(Coreid bug)
|
potato
|
Malcus flavidipes
|
sweet potato
|
(Lygaeid bug)
| |
Planococcus lilacinus
|
ladyfinger taro
|
(Cottony cushion mealybug)
|
Beetles
Leucopholis irrorala
|
corn, peanut
|
(June beetles)
| |
Monolepta bifasciata
|
corn, ladyfinger, taro, yam
|
(Corn silk beetle)
| |
Sylepta derogata
|
ladyfinger
|
(Leaf-eating caterpillar)
| |
Hyposidra talaca
|
ladyfinger
|
(Measuring caterpillar)
| |
Epilachna philippinensis
|
tomato cucurbits
|
(Tomato lady beetle)
| |
Aulacophora cottigarencis
|
cucurbits
|
(Squash beetle)
| |
Lasioderma serricorne
|
garlic and onion
|
(Cigarette beetle)
| |
Nisotra gemella
|
ladyfinger
|
(Flea beetle)
| |
Phytorus spp.
|
sweet potato
|
(Chrysomelid beetles)
| |
Asphidomorpha fusconotata
|
sweet potato
|
(Tortoise shell beetle)
|
Caterpillars/worms
Homona coffearia
| beans, garlic and onion, |
(Leaf folder)
|
jute, peanut
|
Spodoptera litura
|
celery crucifers, garlic and
|
(Common cutworms)
|
onion peanut, potato, sweet
|
potato, taro
| |
Pseudalatia separata
|
corn, cucurbits, sweet
|
(True armywomms)
|
potato
|
Agrotis ipsilon
|
corn, cucurbitus garlic and
|
(potted cutworm)
|
onion, potato
|
Helicoverpa armigera
|
corn, crucifers, cucurbitus,
|
(Corn earwomm)
|
garlic and onion, peanuts,
|
solanaceous crops
| |
Chrysodeixis chalcites
|
corn, jute peanut
|
(Corn semi-looper)
| |
Crocidolonia binotalis
|
crucifers, cucurbits
|
(Cabbage worm)
| |
Plutella xylostella
|
crucifers
|
(diamond-back moth)
| |
Pieris canidia
|
crucifers
|
(Cabbage butterfly)
| |
Anadenida peporis
|
cucurbits
|
(Squash semi-looper)
| |
Diaphania indica
|
cucurbits
|
(Leaf folder)
| |
Dasychira mendosa
|
cucurbits, peanut
|
(Tiger moth caterpillar)
| |
Sitotroga cerealella
|
garlic and onion
|
(Angoumois grain moth)
| |
Ephestia elutella
|
garlic and onion
|
(Cacao moth or Tobacco
| |
moth)
| |
Anomis sabulifera
|
jute, ladyfinger
|
(Cutworm)
| |
Xanthodes transversa
|
ladyfinger
|
(Cutworm)
| |
Oxya chinensis
|
sweet potato
|
(Short-homed grasshopper)
| |
Terophagus proserpina
|
taro
|
(gabi planthopper)
|
(introduction...)
This is an approach that utilizes different techniques other than the use of chemical pesticides to control pests. It involves natural pest population-control methods, including cultural and biological controls the use of botanical pesticides as needed.
Cultural method of pest control
These methods are aimed either at reducing the sources of inoculum or at reducing the exposure of plants to infection. Its primary objective is the prevention of pest damage and not the destruction of an existing and damaging pest population.
1. Good soil preparation
This is the first important element in pest control strategy. A healthy soil means healthy plants which are relatively more resistant to pests. A soil rich in humus hosts a wide variety of beneficial microflora that trap nematodes and destroy or keep in dormancy disease organisms, thereby encouraging beneficial insects.
Good soil preparation
2. Use of indigenous varieties
Traditional varieties are hardier and relatively more resistant to pests. They can withstand harsh environmental conditions better than modem hybrids.
Use of indigenous varieties
3. Pest control through the use of mesh screen (nylon nets)
Younger plants are usually preferred by insects and they suffer significantly from such attacks when compared to older plants. Therefore, a single netting over the plants during the first 3045 days of their growth can reduce pest damage. Also, the net helps diffuse sunlight thereby improving the quality of some vegetables. Finally, the net breaks the impact of raindrops thus (i) reducing physical damage to the plant and (ii) reducing soil erosion from the beds.
Pest control through the use of mesh screen
4. Roguing or Pruning
Removal of diseased plants or plant parts prevents the spread of microorganisms to uninfected areas.
Roguing or Pruning
5. Intercropping with aromatic herbs
Several types of odorous plants can be grown together with the main crop to repel insects. The following are some examples:
Allium cepa (onion)
|
Hyptis suaveolens (bush-tea bush)
|
Allium odorum (leek)
|
Mentha cordifolia (mint)
|
Allium sativum (garlic)
|
Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil)
|
Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort, worm wood)
|
Ocimum sanctum (sacred basil)
|
Coleus amboinicus (oregano)
|
Tagetes spp. (marigold)
|
6. Encouraging insect predators
Pests can be controlled by their natural enemies. By growing a variety of flowering plants, specifically those belonging to Umbelliferae family, such as, fennel (Foeniculurn vulgare) and celery (Apium graveolens), insect predators will be attracted to stay in the garden. These beneficial insects feed on pests, keeping the pest population below economic injury level.
Encouraging insect predators
7. Multiple cropping
This provides genetic diversity to minimize pest increase. Variation in susceptibility among species or varieties to a particular disease is great. Given abundant hosts of a single species or variety, a pest could easily be spread from host to host. When the number of hosts declines, the pest incidence will also decrease for lack of necessary food for the organism.
Multiple cropping
8. Crop rotation
This is a practice of following a crop susceptible to a pest by a resistant crop. There is no build-up of the organism to a high level since the growth cycle of the organism has been broken.
Crop rotation
Biological pest control
Biological pest control is the suppression of pest populations by living organisms such as predators, parasites and pathogens. These agents are responsible for keeping pests under control most of the time.
Predators are usually other insects and spiders. Both, but particularly spiders, feed on a wide range of insects. Adults and immatures are often predatory.
Praying mantis, Dragonfly, Damselfly, Assassin bugs
Feed on all types of insects.
Praying mantis
Lacewings, White-banded clerid Robber files Feed on aphids and soft-bodied insects.
Lacewings
Ground beetles, Whirligig beetles, Rave beetles, Tiger beetles, Green carabid beetles Feed on other insects.
Ground beetles
Ladybird beetles feed on scales and aphids only. They eat 40-50 insects per day. Their larva eat even more.
Ladybird beetles
Toads, snakes and spiders eat insects and other garden pests. Toads eat as many as 10,000 insects and other pests in three months, including cutworms, slugs, crickets, ants, caterpillars and squash bugs.
Toads, snakes and spiders
Birds
Some birds are omnivorous. Some examples from the temperate zone provide a good illustration of what birds eat. A house wren feeds 500 spiders and caterpillars to her young in one afternoon; a brown trasher consumes 6,000 insects a day; a chickadee eats 138,000 canker worm eggs in 25 days; and, a pair of flickers eats 5,000 ants as snack.
Birds
Parasitic insects are usually small flies or wasps which attack one or a few closely related pest species. They are parasitic in their larval stages but free-living as adults.
Tachinid flies, Braconid wasps
Complete their life cycle on insect pests. They usually attack the egg of the host pest or the caterpillar by laying an egg into its body. The wasp larva hatches inside the caterpillar body and feeds on it.
Tachinid flies, Braconid wasps
Trichogramma spp.
Attacks eggs of butterflies and moth. This wasp produces very few side effects on beneficial insects.
Trichogramma spp.
Epidinocarsis lopezi
Feeds and reproduces on mealybugs of cassava. It has the ability to establish itself in cassava fields.
Epidinocarsis lopezi
Encouraging predators
In nature, pests are usually controlled by the presence of insect predators and parasites which keep the populations of the harmful insects in control Most of the insects in nature are either beneficial or at least harmless. There are many ways to encourage insect predators in one's garden.
1. Create a Suitable Habitat for Insect Predators - Flowering shrubs and trees throughout the garden will attract many beneficial insects, including parasitic wasps which require pollen and nectar for their growth and maturity. Plants belonging to Umbelliferae family are particularly effective in attracting natural enemies of pests.
2. Provide Alternate Hosts for Pests - To ensure availability of food for the beneficial organisms, grow alternate host plants along fence lines and in between cultivated crops. The natural enemy populations on these alternate host plants will control pests attacking the cultivated crop.
Encouraging predators
3. Create Nesting Sites for Frogs, Reptiles and Birds - Logs of dead trees, irregularly shaped rocks with crevices and cavities and plenty of mulch can be a good nesting sites for snakes, lizards, frogs, rove beetles and carabid beetles, which feed on insects.
4. Increase Humidity by Providing Water Holes - Humidity is much needed for the survival of natural enemies. It serves as a source of drinking water for reptiles, birds and frogs. Many predatory insects live in, on and near water. Well-vegetated small dams, little water pools and swales scattered throughout the garden will create conditions for the build-up of natural enemies.
5. Practice Mixed Cultivation - Growing mixed crops and harvesting them in strips help maintain natural enemies and confuses pests. For fungal pathogens, the practice of mixed cropping is desirable as the root exudates of another crop can be toxic to the pathogen. Mixed cropping also encourages soil microbes which, in turn, act as barriers to the fungal pathogen.
6. Reduce Dust Build up in Crop Plants - Dust inhibits the functioning of natural enemies. Growing well-designed windbreaks and ground cover crops like centrosema and lablab bean will reduce dust. Use of overhead sprinklers will also help periodically in washing off the dust.
7. Avoid Spraying Chemical Pesticides - Chemical pesticides eliminate beneficial insects. If pest infestation reaches economic threshold levels and spraying cannot be avoided, use selective chemicals, such as:
a soil incorporated granular systemic insecticides for sucking insects;b. stomach poisons; avoid broad-spectrum contact poisons; and,c. insecticides with short-term residual action rather than persistent action.
Improved application method should be developed and minimum doses should be applied.
Botanical pest control
Fungicidal Plants¹
Plant Name²
|
Part(s) Used
|
Mode of preparation and application³
|
Target Pest(s)
|
Diseases Controlled
|
Allium sativum
|
cloves
|
Chop finely, soak in 2 teaspoons of oil for one day,
|
Altenaria
|
fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
|
(Garlic)
|
then mix with half a liter of soapy water and filter.
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
| |
Mix 1 part solution with 20 parts water, then spray.
|
Colletotrichum
|
leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
| ||
Curvularia
|
leaf spot, leaf blight
| |||
Diplodia
|
fruit and stem rot
| |||
Fusarium
|
damping-off, stem and root rot, early blight,
| |||
Helminthosporium
|
wilt, curly top
| |||
Pestalotia
|
leaf blight
| |||
leaf spot
| ||||
Cassia alata
|
leaves
|
Extract juice and spray at a rate of 1 cup juice/liter water.
|
Altenaria
|
fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
|
(Acapulco)
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
| ||
Colletotrichum
|
leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
| |||
Diplodia
|
fruit and stem rot
| |||
Fusarium
|
damping-off, stem and root rot, early blight,
| |||
Helminthosporium
|
wilt, curly top
| |||
Pestalotia
|
leaf blight leaf spot
| |||
Amaranthus gracilis
|
leaves
|
Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3
|
Altenaria
|
fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
|
(Amaranth)
|
liters of water, and spray.
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
| |
Colletotrichum
|
leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
| |||
Curvularia
|
leaf spot, leaf blight
| |||
Helminthosporium
|
leaf blight
| |||
Pestalotia
|
leaf spot
| |||
Leucaena leucocephala leaves
|
Pound, soak in small amount of water, and use
|
Altenaria
|
fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
| |
(Ipil-ipil)
|
infusion as spray.
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
| |
Colletotrichum
|
leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
| |||
Curvularia
|
leaf spot, leaf blight
| |||
Helminthosporium
|
leaf blight
| |||
Pestalotia
|
leaf spot
| |||
Allium cepa
|
bulb
|
Chop finely, soak in two teaspoons of oil for 1 day,
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
|
(Red onion)
|
then mix with half a liter of soapy water and filter.
|
Colletotrichum
|
leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
| |
Mix 1 part solution with 20 parts water, then spray.
|
Curvularia
|
leaf spot, leaf blight
| ||
Fusarium
|
damping-off, stem and root rot, early blight,
| |||
Helminthosporium
|
wilt, curly top
| |||
Pestalotia
|
leaf blight
| |||
leaf spot
| ||||
Moringa oleifera
|
leaves
|
Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3
|
Altenaria
|
fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
|
(Drumstick/Horseradish)
|
liters of water, and use as spray.
|
Colletotrichum
|
leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
| |
Diplodia
|
fruit and stem rot
| |||
Pestalotia
|
leaf spot
| |||
Impatiens balsamina
|
leaves
|
Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3
|
Altenaria
|
fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
|
(Kamantigi)
|
liters of water, and use as spray.
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
| |
Helminthosporium
|
leaf blight
| |||
Centella asiatica leaves
|
Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3
|
Fusarium
|
damping-off, stem and root rot, early blight,
| |
(Takip-kuhol)
|
liters of water, and use as spray.
|
Helminthosporium
|
wilt, curly top
| |
leaf blight
| ||||
Jatropha multifida
|
leaves
|
Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3
|
Diplodia
|
fruit and stem rot
|
(Mana)
|
liters of water, and use as spray.
|
Fusarium
|
damping-off, stem and root rot, early blight,
| |
wilt, curly top
| ||||
Gendarussa vulgaris
|
leaves
|
Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3
|
Altenaria
|
fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
|
(Bunlao)
|
liters of water, and use as spray.
|
Colletorrichum
|
leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
| |
Carica papaya
|
leaves
|
Pound, soak in water, and use infusion as spray.
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
|
(Papaya)
|
Diplodia
|
fruit and stem rot
| ||
Mimosa pudica
|
whole plant Pound, soak in water and use infusion as spray.
|
Diplodia
|
fruit and stem rot
| |
Sensitive plant
|
Pestalotia
|
leaf spot
| ||
Artemisia vulgaris
|
leaves
|
Extract juice and use as spray at the rate of 2-5
|
Altenaria
|
fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
|
(Damong Maria)
|
tablespoons juice/liter of water.
| |||
Zingiber officinale
|
rhizome
|
Extract juice and use as spray.
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
|
(Ginger)
| ||||
Gliricidia septum
|
leaves
|
Extract juice of l kg leaves, then mix juice with 3
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
|
(Kakawate)
|
liters of water, and use as spray.
| |||
Coleus scutellarioides
|
leaves
|
Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
|
(Mayana)
|
liters of water, and use as spray.
| |||
Vitex negundo
|
leaves
|
Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
|
(Lagundi)
|
liters of water, and use as spray.
| |||
Blumea balsamifera
|
leaves
|
Extract juice and spray at a proportion of 1 part juice
|
Cercospora
|
leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
|
(Sambong)
|
and 1 part water
| |||
1 Plant species showing; activity against different fungal pathogens
at two days incubation after seeding, based on zone of inhibition. (Data from Quebral, 1981)
| ||||
2 Plant names in italics are
scientific names; those in parenthesis are common/local names.
| ||||
3 Based on indigenous practice of farmers.
|
Insecticidal, Plants
Name of Plant²
|
Part(s)
|
Mode of Preparation and Application³
|
Pest(s)4
|
Source 5
|
Used
| ||||
Aegeratum conizoides
|
leaves
|
diamond backmoth Alcantara, 1981
| ||
(goat weed)
|
cotton stainer
| |||
Artemisia vulgaris
|
leaves
|
Pound, extract juice and spray at a rate of 24
|
corn borer
|
Calumpang, 1983
|
(damong maria)
|
tablespoons/16 liters water
| |||
Lantana camara flowers
|
Pound and spread around stored grains
|
corn weevil
|
Fuentebella & Morallo
| |
(lantana)
|
Rejesus, 1980
| |||
Derris philippinensis
|
roots
|
Extract juice and spray at a rate of 5 cups juice/5 gallons of water; or Powder,
|
diamond backmoth
|
Maghanoy & Morallo
|
(tubli)
|
mix with detergent and spray at a rate of 120 grams powder + 250-300 grams
|
Rejesus, 1975
| ||
detergent/4 gallons of water
| ||||
Tithonia diversifolia
|
leaves
|
Pound, extract juice and use as spray at a rate of 1-2 kg fruits/liter of water
|
cotton stainer
|
Cariamp; Morallo
|
(wild sunflower)
|
black army worm
|
Rejesus, 1982
| ||
diamond backmoth
| ||||
Tagetes erecta
|
roots
|
Extract juice and spray at a rate of 24 tablespoons juice/liter of water
|
rice green leafhopper
|
Morallo-Rejesus &
|
(marigold)
|
brown planthopper
|
Eroles, 1978
| ||
diamond backmoth
|
Morallo-Rejesus &
| |||
black bean aphid
|
Decena, 1982
| |||
Tagetes patula
|
roots
|
Pound, extract juice of 1 kg roots and mix with 1 liter water, then spray the
|
green aphid
|
Morallo-Rejesus &
|
(French marigold)
|
solution directly into the soil
|
less grain borer
|
Silva, 1979
| |
Tinospora rumphii
|
vines
|
Extract juice and spray at a rate of 15-20 tablespoons juice/5 gallons water
|
diamond backmoth
|
del Fierro & Morallo
|
(makabuhay)
|
rice green leafhopper
|
Rejesus, 1976
| ||
Morallo-Rejesus &
| ||||
Silva, 1979
| ||||
Piper nigrum
|
fruits
|
Pulverize seeds, mix with water and spray; powder and spread around stored
|
cotton stainer
|
stainer & Morallo
|
(black pepper)
|
grains
|
diamond backmoth
|
Rejesus, 1982
| |
common cutworms
|
Ponce de Leon, 1983
| |||
corn weevil
| ||||
Capsicum frutescens
|
fruits
|
Pound, extract juice and spray at a rate of 2-3 cups fruit/liter of water
|
rice moth
|
Ponce de Leon, 1983
|
(hot pepper)
| ||||
Annona squamosa
|
seeds
|
Powder and disperse in water, then strain and use as spray
|
rice pests
|
Saxena & co-workers
|
(custard apple)
|
(IRRI), 1984
| |||
Azadirachta indica
|
seeds
|
Remove husks of 2-3 handfuls of mature seeds. Winnow or put in water to float
|
rice pests
|
Saxena & co-workers
|
(neem)
|
away the husks. Grind seeds into fine particles. Soak ground seeds in 3-5 liters
|
diamond backmoth
|
(IRRI), 1984
| |
water for at least 12 hours. Filter the solution, then use as spray.
|
1 Found effective, based or crude assay but further studies are needed to determine safety and residual action.2 Names in italic are scientific names; names in parenthesis are common/local names.3 Based on indigenous practice of farmers.4 Mortality is 30% or more with crude extracts.5 Researchers who conducted laboratory teas on particular plant.
References:
Alcantara, J. A. 1981. Insecticidal activity, screening and identification of two major crystalline fractions in Aegeratum conyzoides L. MS Thesis, University of the Philippines at Los Ba College, Laguna. 56 pp.
Calumpang, S. F. 1983. Insecticidal activity, screening and identification of the major crystalline fractions of Artemesia vulgaris (Compositae). MS Thesis, University of the Philippines at Los Ba College, Laguna. 109 pp.
CariF. A. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1982. Isolation and characterization of the insecticidal fraction from Tithonia diversifolia (A. Gray) leaves. Ann. Trop. Agric. 4:1-11.
Del Fierro, R. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1976. Preliminary study on the insecticidal activity of makabuhay, Tinospora rumphii Boer. Youth Res. Apprenticeship Action Prog. Rep. Society for the Advancement of Research. 9 pp. Unpublished.
Fuentebella, F. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1980. The insecticidal activity of fancy buttons (Lantana camara L.) flower extracts to several insect species. Youth Res. Apprenticeship Action Prog. Rep., Society for the Advancement of Research. 19 pp. Unpublished:
Javier, P. A. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1982. Isolation and bioassay of insecticidal principles from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) against three stored grain insects. In Progress In Grain Protection. Proc. 5th Ann. Workshop on Grain Post-Harvest Protection. SEA Coop. Post-Harvest Res. and Dev. pp. 49-59.
Maghanoy, O. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1975. Insecticidal activity of extracts from Derris philippinensis. Youth Res. Apprenticeship Action Rep. Society for the Advancement of Research. 6 pp.
Morallo-Rejesus B. and L. Eroles. 1978. Two insecticidal principles from marigold (Tagetes spp.) roots. Philipp. Ent. 4: (1 & 2) 87-98.
Morallo-Rejesus Bland D. Silva. 1979. Insecticidal activity of selected plants with emphasis on marigold (Tagetes spp.) and makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii). NRCP Ann. Rept. 19 April 1978-March 1979. Mimeo 25 pp. Unpublished Rep.
Morallo-Rejesus B. and A. Decena. 1982. The activity, isolation, purification and identification of the insecticidal principles from Tagetes. Phil. J. Crop Sci. 7:31-36.
Ponce de Leon, E. L. 1983. Further investigation of the insecticidal activity of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and red pepper (Capsicum anuum) on major storage pests of corn and legumes. MS Thesis, University of the Philippines at Los Ba College, Laguna. 44 pp.
Quebral, F. C. 1981. Assay on the fungicidal properties of some medicinal plants. Nat. Crop Prot. Center Ann. Rep. 1981. p. 21-25.
Saxena, R. C. 1984. Evaluation of neem seed derivatives against insect pests of rice. Paper read at the "Research Planning Workshop on Indigenous Plant Materials for Pest Control". International Rice Research Institute, Los Ba Laguna. August 6-10 1984.
Reference Source: International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
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