Bio-Intensive Household Food Production - Chapter 6 - Pest Management

Some common garden pests

1. APHIDS

Sucking insects attacking the leaves and stems. When attacked, the leaves and stems of the plants begin to look pale and spindly. Aphids can change color to match plant parts and metamorphose from nymphs to adult, both with and without wings. When the aphids in one plant get overcrowded, they develop wings and fly to another plant host of the same plant family. Aphids mature in 12 days.

APHIDS

2. BORERS

Boring insects attacking the flowers, pods, stems and roots. Borers hatch, eat and grow inside plant part as caterpillars. The presence of borers is indicated by the sudden wilting of plant tops.

Borers

3. BUGS

Sucking insects that attach to plant parts and drain plant juices. In case of mealybug, eggs are laid in white, cottony masses. Young are crawlers like scale insects. Bugs excrete large amounts of honeydew that attract ants and encourage black mold fungus.

Bugs

4. BEETLES

Chewing insects which feed on leaves, flowers, stems and even roots. They feed on most vegetables. Severe infestation can defoliate plant.

Beetles

5. CATERPILLARS/WORMS

Chewing insects usually developing from patches of eggs on the underside of leaves. The larval stage of moths and butterflies, caterpillars feed on foliage and tender stems.

Caterpillars/worms

6. FLIES

Some are tiny sucking insects that hatch and live mostly on underside of leaves. In case of whiteflies, stationary scale-like nymphs do most of damage, sucking juices and excreting honeydew, thereby attracting ants and encouraging fungus growth.

Flies

7. HOPPERS/KATYDID

Feed on foliage of many plants. Grasshoppers are most often found in late summer when fields next to gardens become dry. In severe infestations, large plants may be defoliated. The tender bark may be stripped from trees and shrubs.

Hoppers/katydid

8. SCALE INSECTS

Small insects, covered by protective shells, that attach themselves to stems and undersurfaces of leaves and suck out plant juice. Generally, they are able to move about in younger stages, but become stationary or nearly so in adulthood.

Scale insects

9. SLUGS AND SNAILS

Slimy trails and tattered foliage indicate snail and slug invasion. In daytime, they can be found under rocks, leaves, densely foliaged plants, boards or any object that rests on the ground. At night, they can be found busily feeding on plant parts.

Slugs and snails

10. ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES

Microscopic worms that either stick their heads on a plant to suck the sap or actually spend their lives inside the plant. They attack roots of various plants and form galls or root knots. Infested plants wilt or die due to the inability of the damaged root systems to supply enough water to their tops.

Root-knot nematodes

Name of Pest	Target Vegetables
Suana concolor (Tussock moth caterpillar)	ladyfinger
Hippotion celerio (Sphinx moth)	peanuts, taro
Lamprosema indicata (Bean leaf roller)	beans, peanut
Stornopteryx subsecivella (Leafminer)	peanut
Eumeta fuscescens (Pepper bagworm)	solanaceous crops
Lymantria lunata (Tussock moth caterpillar)	solanaceous crops
Acherontia lachesis (Hornworm)	sweet potato
Euchnomia horsfieldi (Tussock moth caterpillar)	sweet potato
Aciptilia viveodactyla (Sweet potato plume moth)	sweet potato
Rhyncolaba acteus (Green sphinx moth)	taro
Agrius convolvuli (Sweet potato hornworm)	sweet potato, taro

Flies

Ophiomyia phaseoli	beans
(Bean fly)
Bemisia tabaci	cassava, garlic and onion,
(White fly)	sweet potato
Pieris canidia	crucurbits
(Cabbage butterfly)
Dacus cucurbitae	cucurbits
(Fruit flies)

Hopper/Katydid
Phaneroptera furcifera	corn, cucurbits, peanut, sweet potato
(Long-horned grasshopper)
Mecopoda elongata	cucurbits
(Katydid)
Empoasca biguttula	peanut, solanaceous crops
(Cotton leafhopper)
Atractomorpha psittacina	peanut, sweet potato
(Slant-fac grasshopper)
Empoasca fabae	potato
(Potato leafhopper)
Leptocentrus manilensis	solanaceous crops
(Tree hopper)
Locusta migratoria manilensis	sweet potato
(Oriental migratory locust)

Mites

Tetranychus telarius	cassava, potato, winged
(Spider mite)	bean
Tetranychus truncalus	cucurbits, sweet
potato
(Common mite)
Aceria tulipae	garlic and onion
Dolichotetranychus	pineapple
floridanus
(Tenuipalpid mite)

SCALE INSECTS

Chrysomphalus ficus	cassava
(Florida red scale)
Saissaetia nigra	cassava, ladyfinger
(Soft scale)
Saissaetia coffeae	cucurbits
(Hemispherical scale)
Aspidiella hartii	ginger, yam
(Ubi scale)
Aspidiella zingiberi	ginger
(Luya scale)
Aspidiotus destructor	ladyfinger, pineapple, taro,
(Coconut scale)	yam
Pinnaspis aspidistrae	ladyfinger, pineapple
(Fern scale)
Lepidosaphes rubrovittatus	ladyfinger
(Tampoi scale)
Abnidiella aurantii	pineapple
(California red scale)
Other Insect Pests
Macrotermus gilvus	cassava
(Mound building termite)
Thrips tabaci	cucurbits, garlic and onion,
(Tobacco thrips)	potato
Leucopholis irrorata	pineapple, corn
(Root grubs)
Anomala sp.	corn, sweet potato
(Root grubs)
Gryllus bimaculatus	corn
(Black cricket)
Gryllotalpa africana	potato
(Male cricket)
Dysdercus cingulatus	ladyfinger
(Cotton stainer)
Catochrysops cnejus	peanuts
(Bean Iycaenid)
Cylas formicarius	sweet potato
(Sweet potato weevil)
Tagiades japetus titus	taro
(Gabi skipper)

Aphids

Myzus persicae	celery, crucifers, cucurbits,
(Green peach aphid)	potato
Aphis gossypii	cucurbits, sweet potato,
(Melon aphid)	taro
Aphis craccivora	beans, cucurbits, peanuts
(Bean aphid)
Toxoptera auratii	cucurbits, citrus
(Citrus aphid)

Borers

Maruca festulalis	beans
(Bean pyralid)
Estiella zinckenella	beans
(Bean pod borer)
Apomecyna historion	cucurbits
(Vine borer)
Manilaboris cucurbitae	cucurbits
(Cucurbit boring boric)
Mimegralla coeruleifrons	ginger
(Ginger root borer)
Zeuzera coffeae	ladyfinger, coffee
(Coffee carpenter moth)
Phthorimaea operculella	potato
(Potato tuber moth)

Bugs

Ferrisia virgata	cassava, sweet potato
(Gray mealybug)
Phenacoccus hirsutus	cassava
(Hibiscus mealybug)
Dysmicoccus brevipes	pineapple, corn, taro
(Pineapple mealybug)
Physomerus grossipes	cucurbits, sweet potato
(Sweet potato bug)
Cyclopelta obscura	cucurbits
(Dapdap bug)
Nezara viridula	cucurbits
(Green soldier bug)
Acanthocoris scabrator	solanaceous crops, sweet
(Coreid bug)	potato
Malcus flavidipes	sweet potato
(Lygaeid bug)
Planococcus lilacinus	ladyfinger taro
(Cottony cushion mealybug)

Beetles

Leucopholis irrorala	corn, peanut
(June beetles)
Monolepta bifasciata	corn, ladyfinger, taro, yam
(Corn silk beetle)
Sylepta derogata	ladyfinger
(Leaf-eating caterpillar)
Hyposidra talaca	ladyfinger
(Measuring caterpillar)
Epilachna philippinensis	tomato cucurbits
(Tomato lady beetle)
Aulacophora cottigarencis	cucurbits
(Squash beetle)
Lasioderma serricorne	garlic and onion
(Cigarette beetle)
Nisotra gemella	ladyfinger
(Flea beetle)
Phytorus spp.	sweet potato
(Chrysomelid beetles)
Asphidomorpha fusconotata	sweet potato
(Tortoise shell beetle)

Caterpillars/worms

Homona coffearia	beans, garlic and onion,
(Leaf folder)	jute, peanut
Spodoptera litura	celery crucifers, garlic and
(Common cutworms)	onion peanut, potato, sweet
	potato, taro
Pseudalatia separata	corn, cucurbits, sweet
(True armywomms)	potato
Agrotis ipsilon	corn, cucurbitus garlic and
(potted cutworm)	onion, potato
Helicoverpa armigera	corn, crucifers, cucurbitus,
(Corn earwomm)	garlic and onion, peanuts,
	solanaceous crops
Chrysodeixis chalcites	corn, jute peanut
(Corn semi-looper)
Crocidolonia binotalis	crucifers, cucurbits
(Cabbage worm)
Plutella xylostella	crucifers
(diamond-back moth)
Pieris canidia	crucifers
(Cabbage butterfly)
Anadenida peporis	cucurbits
(Squash semi-looper)
Diaphania indica	cucurbits
(Leaf folder)
Dasychira mendosa	cucurbits, peanut
(Tiger moth caterpillar)
Sitotroga cerealella	garlic and onion
(Angoumois grain moth)
Ephestia elutella	garlic and onion
(Cacao moth or Tobacco
moth)
Anomis sabulifera	jute, ladyfinger
(Cutworm)
Xanthodes transversa	ladyfinger
(Cutworm)
Oxya chinensis	sweet potato
(Short-homed grasshopper)
Terophagus proserpina	taro
(gabi planthopper)

(introduction...)

This is an approach that utilizes different techniques other than the use of chemical pesticides to control pests. It involves natural pest population-control methods, including cultural and biological controls the use of botanical pesticides as needed.

Cultural method of pest control

These methods are aimed either at reducing the sources of inoculum or at reducing the exposure of plants to infection. Its primary objective is the prevention of pest damage and not the destruction of an existing and damaging pest population.

1. Good soil preparation

This is the first important element in pest control strategy. A healthy soil means healthy plants which are relatively more resistant to pests. A soil rich in humus hosts a wide variety of beneficial microflora that trap nematodes and destroy or keep in dormancy disease organisms, thereby encouraging beneficial insects.

Good soil preparation

2. Use of indigenous varieties

Traditional varieties are hardier and relatively more resistant to pests. They can withstand harsh environmental conditions better than modem hybrids.

Use of indigenous varieties

3. Pest control through the use of mesh screen (nylon nets)

Younger plants are usually preferred by insects and they suffer significantly from such attacks when compared to older plants. Therefore, a single netting over the plants during the first 3045 days of their growth can reduce pest damage. Also, the net helps diffuse sunlight thereby improving the quality of some vegetables. Finally, the net breaks the impact of raindrops thus (i) reducing physical damage to the plant and (ii) reducing soil erosion from the beds.

Pest control through the use of mesh screen

4. Roguing or Pruning

Removal of diseased plants or plant parts prevents the spread of microorganisms to uninfected areas.

Roguing or Pruning

5. Intercropping with aromatic herbs

Several types of odorous plants can be grown together with the main crop to repel insects. The following are some examples:

Allium cepa (onion)	Hyptis suaveolens (bush-tea bush)
Allium odorum (leek)	Mentha cordifolia (mint)
Allium sativum (garlic)	Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil)
Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort, worm wood)	Ocimum sanctum (sacred basil)
Coleus amboinicus (oregano)	Tagetes spp. (marigold)

6. Encouraging insect predators

Pests can be controlled by their natural enemies. By growing a variety of flowering plants, specifically those belonging to Umbelliferae family, such as, fennel (Foeniculurn vulgare) and celery (Apium graveolens), insect predators will be attracted to stay in the garden. These beneficial insects feed on pests, keeping the pest population below economic injury level.

Encouraging insect predators

7. Multiple cropping

This provides genetic diversity to minimize pest increase. Variation in susceptibility among species or varieties to a particular disease is great. Given abundant hosts of a single species or variety, a pest could easily be spread from host to host. When the number of hosts declines, the pest incidence will also decrease for lack of necessary food for the organism.

Multiple cropping

8. Crop rotation

This is a practice of following a crop susceptible to a pest by a resistant crop. There is no build-up of the organism to a high level since the growth cycle of the organism has been broken.

Crop rotation

Biological pest control

Biological pest control is the suppression of pest populations by living organisms such as predators, parasites and pathogens. These agents are responsible for keeping pests under control most of the time.

Predators are usually other insects and spiders. Both, but particularly spiders, feed on a wide range of insects. Adults and immatures are often predatory.

Praying mantis, Dragonfly, Damselfly, Assassin bugs

Feed on all types of insects.

Praying mantis

Lacewings, White-banded clerid Robber files Feed on aphids and soft-bodied insects.

Lacewings

Ground beetles, Whirligig beetles, Rave beetles, Tiger beetles, Green carabid beetles Feed on other insects.

Ground beetles

Ladybird beetles feed on scales and aphids only. They eat 40-50 insects per day. Their larva eat even more.

Ladybird beetles

Toads, snakes and spiders eat insects and other garden pests. Toads eat as many as 10,000 insects and other pests in three months, including cutworms, slugs, crickets, ants, caterpillars and squash bugs.

Toads, snakes and spiders

Birds

Some birds are omnivorous. Some examples from the temperate zone provide a good illustration of what birds eat. A house wren feeds 500 spiders and caterpillars to her young in one afternoon; a brown trasher consumes 6,000 insects a day; a chickadee eats 138,000 canker worm eggs in 25 days; and, a pair of flickers eats 5,000 ants as snack.

Birds

Parasitic insects are usually small flies or wasps which attack one or a few closely related pest species. They are parasitic in their larval stages but free-living as adults.

Tachinid flies, Braconid wasps

Complete their life cycle on insect pests. They usually attack the egg of the host pest or the caterpillar by laying an egg into its body. The wasp larva hatches inside the caterpillar body and feeds on it.

Tachinid flies, Braconid wasps

Trichogramma spp.

Attacks eggs of butterflies and moth. This wasp produces very few side effects on beneficial insects.

Trichogramma spp.

Epidinocarsis lopezi

Feeds and reproduces on mealybugs of cassava. It has the ability to establish itself in cassava fields.

Epidinocarsis lopezi

Encouraging predators

In nature, pests are usually controlled by the presence of insect predators and parasites which keep the populations of the harmful insects in control Most of the insects in nature are either beneficial or at least harmless. There are many ways to encourage insect predators in one's garden.

1. Create a Suitable Habitat for Insect Predators - Flowering shrubs and trees throughout the garden will attract many beneficial insects, including parasitic wasps which require pollen and nectar for their growth and maturity. Plants belonging to Umbelliferae family are particularly effective in attracting natural enemies of pests.

2. Provide Alternate Hosts for Pests - To ensure availability of food for the beneficial organisms, grow alternate host plants along fence lines and in between cultivated crops. The natural enemy populations on these alternate host plants will control pests attacking the cultivated crop.

Encouraging predators

3. Create Nesting Sites for Frogs, Reptiles and Birds - Logs of dead trees, irregularly shaped rocks with crevices and cavities and plenty of mulch can be a good nesting sites for snakes, lizards, frogs, rove beetles and carabid beetles, which feed on insects.

4. Increase Humidity by Providing Water Holes - Humidity is much needed for the survival of natural enemies. It serves as a source of drinking water for reptiles, birds and frogs. Many predatory insects live in, on and near water. Well-vegetated small dams, little water pools and swales scattered throughout the garden will create conditions for the build-up of natural enemies.

5. Practice Mixed Cultivation - Growing mixed crops and harvesting them in strips help maintain natural enemies and confuses pests. For fungal pathogens, the practice of mixed cropping is desirable as the root exudates of another crop can be toxic to the pathogen. Mixed cropping also encourages soil microbes which, in turn, act as barriers to the fungal pathogen.

6. Reduce Dust Build up in Crop Plants - Dust inhibits the functioning of natural enemies. Growing well-designed windbreaks and ground cover crops like centrosema and lablab bean will reduce dust. Use of overhead sprinklers will also help periodically in washing off the dust.

7. Avoid Spraying Chemical Pesticides - Chemical pesticides eliminate beneficial insects. If pest infestation reaches economic threshold levels and spraying cannot be avoided, use selective chemicals, such as:

a soil incorporated granular systemic insecticides for sucking insects;

b. stomach poisons; avoid broad-spectrum contact poisons; and,

c. insecticides with short-term residual action rather than persistent action.

Improved application method should be developed and minimum doses should be applied.

Botanical pest control

Fungicidal Plants¹

Plant Name²	Part(s) Used	Mode of preparation and application³	Target Pest(s)	Diseases Controlled
Allium sativum	cloves	Chop finely, soak in 2 teaspoons of oil for one day,	Altenaria	fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
(Garlic)		then mix with half a liter of soapy water and filter.	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
		Mix 1 part solution with 20 parts water, then spray.	Colletotrichum	leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
			Curvularia	leaf spot, leaf blight
			Diplodia	fruit and stem rot
			Fusarium	damping-off, stem and root rot, early blight,
			Helminthosporium	wilt, curly top
			Pestalotia	leaf blight
				leaf spot
Cassia alata	leaves	Extract juice and spray at a rate of 1 cup juice/liter water.	Altenaria	fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
(Acapulco)			Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
			Colletotrichum	leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
			Diplodia	fruit and stem rot
			Fusarium	damping-off, stem and root rot, early blight,
			Helminthosporium	wilt, curly top
			Pestalotia	leaf blight leaf spot
Amaranthus gracilis	leaves	Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3	Altenaria	fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
(Amaranth)		liters of water, and spray.	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
			Colletotrichum	leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
			Curvularia	leaf spot, leaf blight
			Helminthosporium	leaf blight
			Pestalotia	leaf spot
Leucaena leucocephala leaves	Pound, soak in small amount of water, and use	Altenaria	fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
(Ipil-ipil)		infusion as spray.	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
			Colletotrichum	leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
			Curvularia	leaf spot, leaf blight
			Helminthosporium	leaf blight
			Pestalotia	leaf spot
Allium cepa	bulb	Chop finely, soak in two teaspoons of oil for 1 day,	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
(Red onion)		then mix with half a liter of soapy water and filter.	Colletotrichum	leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
		Mix 1 part solution with 20 parts water, then spray.	Curvularia	leaf spot, leaf blight
			Fusarium	damping-off, stem and root rot, early blight,
			Helminthosporium	wilt, curly top
			Pestalotia	leaf blight
				leaf spot
Moringa oleifera	leaves	Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3	Altenaria	fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
(Drumstick/Horseradish)	liters of water, and use as spray.	Colletotrichum	leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
			Diplodia	fruit and stem rot
			Pestalotia	leaf spot
Impatiens balsamina	leaves	Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3	Altenaria	fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
(Kamantigi)		liters of water, and use as spray.	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
			Helminthosporium	leaf blight
Centella asiatica leaves	Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3	Fusarium	damping-off, stem and root rot, early blight,
(Takip-kuhol)		liters of water, and use as spray.	Helminthosporium	wilt, curly top
				leaf blight
Jatropha multifida	leaves	Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3	Diplodia	fruit and stem rot
(Mana)		liters of water, and use as spray.	Fusarium	damping-off, stem and root rot, early blight,
				wilt, curly top
Gendarussa vulgaris	leaves	Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3	Altenaria	fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
(Bunlao)		liters of water, and use as spray.	Colletorrichum	leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
Carica papaya	leaves	Pound, soak in water, and use infusion as spray.	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
(Papaya)			Diplodia	fruit and stem rot
Mimosa pudica	whole plant Pound, soak in water and use infusion as spray.	Diplodia	fruit and stem rot
Sensitive plant			Pestalotia	leaf spot
Artemisia vulgaris	leaves	Extract juice and use as spray at the rate of 2-5	Altenaria	fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot
(Damong Maria)		tablespoons juice/liter of water.
Zingiber officinale	rhizome	Extract juice and use as spray.	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
(Ginger)
Gliricidia septum	leaves	Extract juice of l kg leaves, then mix juice with 3	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
(Kakawate)		liters of water, and use as spray.
Coleus scutellarioides	leaves	Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
(Mayana)		liters of water, and use as spray.
Vitex negundo	leaves	Extract juice of 1 kg leaves, then mix juice with 3	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
(Lagundi)		liters of water, and use as spray.
Blumea balsamifera	leaves	Extract juice and spray at a proportion of 1 part juice	Cercospora	leaf mold, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye
(Sambong)		and 1 part water
1 Plant species showing; activity against different fungal pathogens  at two days incubation after seeding, based on zone of inhibition. (Data from Quebral, 1981)
2 Plant names in italics are  scientific names; those in parenthesis are common/local names.
3 Based on indigenous practice of farmers.

Insecticidal, Plants

Name of Plant²	Part(s)	Mode of Preparation and Application³	Pest(s)4	Source 5
	Used
Aegeratum conizoides	leaves		diamond backmoth Alcantara, 1981
(goat weed)			cotton stainer
Artemisia vulgaris	leaves	Pound, extract juice and spray at a rate of 24	corn borer	Calumpang, 1983
(damong maria)		tablespoons/16 liters water
Lantana camara flowers	Pound and spread around stored grains	corn weevil	Fuentebella & Morallo
(lantana)				Rejesus, 1980
Derris philippinensis	roots	Extract juice and spray at a rate of 5 cups juice/5 gallons of water; or Powder,	diamond backmoth	Maghanoy & Morallo
(tubli)		mix with detergent and spray at a rate of 120 grams powder + 250-300 grams		Rejesus, 1975
		detergent/4 gallons of water
Tithonia diversifolia	leaves	Pound, extract juice and use as spray at a rate of 1-2 kg fruits/liter of water	cotton stainer	Cariamp; Morallo
(wild sunflower)			black army worm	Rejesus, 1982
			diamond backmoth
Tagetes erecta	roots	Extract juice and spray at a rate of 24 tablespoons juice/liter of water	rice green leafhopper	Morallo-Rejesus &
(marigold)			brown planthopper	Eroles, 1978
			diamond backmoth	Morallo-Rejesus &
			black bean aphid	Decena, 1982
Tagetes patula	roots	Pound, extract juice of 1 kg roots and mix with 1 liter water, then spray the	green aphid	Morallo-Rejesus &
(French marigold)		solution directly into the soil	less grain borer	Silva, 1979
Tinospora rumphii	vines	Extract juice and spray at a rate of 15-20 tablespoons juice/5 gallons water	diamond backmoth	del Fierro & Morallo
(makabuhay)			rice green leafhopper	Rejesus, 1976
				Morallo-Rejesus &
				Silva, 1979
Piper nigrum	fruits	Pulverize seeds, mix with water and spray; powder and spread around stored	cotton stainer	stainer & Morallo
(black pepper)		grains	diamond backmoth	Rejesus, 1982
			common cutworms	Ponce de Leon, 1983
			corn weevil
Capsicum frutescens	fruits	Pound, extract juice and spray at a rate of 2-3 cups fruit/liter of water	rice moth	Ponce de Leon, 1983
(hot pepper)
Annona squamosa	seeds	Powder and disperse in water, then strain and use as spray	rice pests	Saxena & co-workers
(custard apple)				(IRRI), 1984
Azadirachta indica	seeds	Remove husks of 2-3 handfuls of mature seeds. Winnow or put in water to float	rice pests	Saxena & co-workers
(neem)		away the husks. Grind seeds into fine particles. Soak ground seeds in 3-5 liters	diamond backmoth	(IRRI), 1984
		water for at least 12 hours. Filter the solution, then use as spray.

1 Found effective, based or crude assay but further studies are needed to determine safety and residual action.

2 Names in italic are scientific names; names in parenthesis are common/local names.

3 Based on indigenous practice of farmers.

4 Mortality is 30% or more with crude extracts.

5 Researchers who conducted laboratory teas on particular plant.

References:

Alcantara, J. A. 1981. Insecticidal activity, screening and identification of two major crystalline fractions in Aegeratum conyzoides L. MS Thesis, University of the Philippines at Los Ba College, Laguna. 56 pp.

Calumpang, S. F. 1983. Insecticidal activity, screening and identification of the major crystalline fractions of Artemesia vulgaris (Compositae). MS Thesis, University of the Philippines at Los Ba College, Laguna. 109 pp.

CariF. A. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1982. Isolation and characterization of the insecticidal fraction from Tithonia diversifolia (A. Gray) leaves. Ann. Trop. Agric. 4:1-11.

Del Fierro, R. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1976. Preliminary study on the insecticidal activity of makabuhay, Tinospora rumphii Boer. Youth Res. Apprenticeship Action Prog. Rep. Society for the Advancement of Research. 9 pp. Unpublished.

Fuentebella, F. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1980. The insecticidal activity of fancy buttons (Lantana camara L.) flower extracts to several insect species. Youth Res. Apprenticeship Action Prog. Rep., Society for the Advancement of Research. 19 pp. Unpublished:

Javier, P. A. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1982. Isolation and bioassay of insecticidal principles from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) against three stored grain insects. In Progress In Grain Protection. Proc. 5th Ann. Workshop on Grain Post-Harvest Protection. SEA Coop. Post-Harvest Res. and Dev. pp. 49-59.

Maghanoy, O. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1975. Insecticidal activity of extracts from Derris philippinensis. Youth Res. Apprenticeship Action Rep. Society for the Advancement of Research. 6 pp.

Morallo-Rejesus B. and L. Eroles. 1978. Two insecticidal principles from marigold (Tagetes spp.) roots. Philipp. Ent. 4: (1 & 2) 87-98.

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Reference Source: International Institute of Rural Reconstruction